tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-82865681059865773802024-03-05T04:58:01.150-04:00Health for Afghans - روغتیا د افغانانو لپاره - صحت برای افغانهاAnonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08571418027745981111noreply@blogger.comBlogger21125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8286568105986577380.post-78436156593330579162013-04-27T08:25:00.000-04:302013-04-27T08:25:17.710-04:30Afghanistan Health Survey 2012, some of the key indicators
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<table align="left" border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableLightGridAccent6" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: currentColor; margin: auto 6.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid #F79646 1.0pt; mso-border-themecolor: accent6; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-table-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-table-anchor-vertical: margin; mso-table-left: left; mso-table-lspace: 9.0pt; mso-table-rspace: 9.0pt; mso-table-top: 29.25pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
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<td colspan="3" style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(247, 150, 70); border-style: solid; border-width: 1pt 1pt 2.25pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent6; mso-border-themecolor: accent6; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 359.1pt;" valign="top" width="479">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 29.25pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-yfti-cnfc: 5; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Indicators<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(247, 150, 70) rgb(247, 150, 70) rgb(247, 150, 70) rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 2.25pt 0px; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent6; mso-border-left-alt: solid #F79646 1.0pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent6; mso-border-right-themecolor: accent6; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent6; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 119.7pt;" valign="top" width="160">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 29.25pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-yfti-cnfc: 1; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Remarks<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<td rowspan="5" style="background: rgb(253, 228, 208); border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(247, 150, 70) rgb(247, 150, 70); border-style: none solid solid; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent6; mso-background-themetint: 63; mso-border-themecolor: accent6; mso-border-top-alt: solid #F79646 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent6; mso-rotate: 90; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 0.45in;" valign="top" width="43">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 5.65pt 0pt; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 29.25pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-yfti-cnfc: 68; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Maternal
Health<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(253, 228, 208); border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(247, 150, 70) rgb(247, 150, 70) rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt 0px; mso-background-themecolor: accent6; mso-background-themetint: 63; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent6; mso-border-left-alt: solid #F79646 1.0pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent6; mso-border-right-themecolor: accent6; mso-border-top-alt: solid #F79646 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent6; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 238.5pt;" valign="top" width="318">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 29.25pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-yfti-cnfc: 64;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">Knowledge of at least one method of<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>modern contraception in currently married
women<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(253, 228, 208); border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(247, 150, 70) rgb(247, 150, 70) rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt 0px; mso-background-themecolor: accent6; mso-background-themetint: 63; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent6; mso-border-left-alt: solid #F79646 1.0pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent6; mso-border-right-themecolor: accent6; mso-border-top-alt: solid #F79646 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent6; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 88.2pt;" valign="top" width="118">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 29.25pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-yfti-cnfc: 64; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">48.8%</span></div>
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<td style="background: rgb(253, 228, 208); border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(247, 150, 70) rgb(247, 150, 70) rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt 0px; mso-background-themecolor: accent6; mso-background-themetint: 63; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent6; mso-border-left-alt: solid #F79646 1.0pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent6; mso-border-right-themecolor: accent6; mso-border-top-alt: solid #F79646 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent6; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 119.7pt;" valign="top" width="160">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 29.25pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-yfti-cnfc: 64;">
<o:p><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> </span></o:p></div>
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<td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(247, 150, 70) rgb(247, 150, 70) rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt 0px; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent6; mso-border-left-alt: solid #F79646 1.0pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent6; mso-border-right-themecolor: accent6; mso-border-top-alt: solid #F79646 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent6; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 238.5pt;" valign="top" width="318">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 29.25pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-yfti-cnfc: 128;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">% of<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>currently married women<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>use
modern contraception </span></div>
</td>
<td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(247, 150, 70) rgb(247, 150, 70) rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt 0px; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent6; mso-border-left-alt: solid #F79646 1.0pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent6; mso-border-right-themecolor: accent6; mso-border-top-alt: solid #F79646 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent6; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 88.2pt;" valign="top" width="118">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 29.25pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-yfti-cnfc: 128; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">13.3%</span></div>
</td>
<td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(247, 150, 70) rgb(247, 150, 70) rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt 0px; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent6; mso-border-left-alt: solid #F79646 1.0pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent6; mso-border-right-themecolor: accent6; mso-border-top-alt: solid #F79646 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent6; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 119.7pt;" valign="top" width="160">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 29.25pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-yfti-cnfc: 128;">
<o:p><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> </span></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="background: rgb(253, 228, 208); border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(247, 150, 70) rgb(247, 150, 70) rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt 0px; mso-background-themecolor: accent6; mso-background-themetint: 63; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent6; mso-border-left-alt: solid #F79646 1.0pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent6; mso-border-right-themecolor: accent6; mso-border-top-alt: solid #F79646 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent6; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 238.5pt;" valign="top" width="318">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 29.25pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-yfti-cnfc: 64;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">At least one ANC</span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(253, 228, 208); border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(247, 150, 70) rgb(247, 150, 70) rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt 0px; mso-background-themecolor: accent6; mso-background-themetint: 63; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent6; mso-border-left-alt: solid #F79646 1.0pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent6; mso-border-right-themecolor: accent6; mso-border-top-alt: solid #F79646 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent6; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 88.2pt;" valign="top" width="118">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 29.25pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-yfti-cnfc: 64; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">52.9%</span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(253, 228, 208); border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(247, 150, 70) rgb(247, 150, 70) rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt 0px; mso-background-themecolor: accent6; mso-background-themetint: 63; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent6; mso-border-left-alt: solid #F79646 1.0pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent6; mso-border-right-themecolor: accent6; mso-border-top-alt: solid #F79646 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent6; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 119.7pt;" valign="top" width="160">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 29.25pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-yfti-cnfc: 64;">
<o:p><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> </span></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(247, 150, 70) rgb(247, 150, 70) rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt 0px; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent6; mso-border-left-alt: solid #F79646 1.0pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent6; mso-border-right-themecolor: accent6; mso-border-top-alt: solid #F79646 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent6; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 238.5pt;" valign="top" width="318">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 29.25pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-yfti-cnfc: 128;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">Institutional delivery </span></div>
</td>
<td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(247, 150, 70) rgb(247, 150, 70) rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt 0px; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent6; mso-border-left-alt: solid #F79646 1.0pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent6; mso-border-right-themecolor: accent6; mso-border-top-alt: solid #F79646 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent6; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 88.2pt;" valign="top" width="118">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 29.25pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-yfti-cnfc: 128; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">38.8%</span></div>
</td>
<td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(247, 150, 70) rgb(247, 150, 70) rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt 0px; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent6; mso-border-left-alt: solid #F79646 1.0pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent6; mso-border-right-themecolor: accent6; mso-border-top-alt: solid #F79646 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent6; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 119.7pt;" valign="top" width="160">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 29.25pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-yfti-cnfc: 128;">
<o:p><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> </span></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4;">
<td style="background: rgb(253, 228, 208); border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(247, 150, 70) rgb(247, 150, 70) rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt 0px; mso-background-themecolor: accent6; mso-background-themetint: 63; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent6; mso-border-left-alt: solid #F79646 1.0pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent6; mso-border-right-themecolor: accent6; mso-border-top-alt: solid #F79646 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent6; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 238.5pt;" valign="top" width="318">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 29.25pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-yfti-cnfc: 64;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">Skilled birth attendants </span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(253, 228, 208); border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(247, 150, 70) rgb(247, 150, 70) rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt 0px; mso-background-themecolor: accent6; mso-background-themetint: 63; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent6; mso-border-left-alt: solid #F79646 1.0pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent6; mso-border-right-themecolor: accent6; mso-border-top-alt: solid #F79646 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent6; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 88.2pt;" valign="top" width="118">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 29.25pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-yfti-cnfc: 64; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">48%</span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(253, 228, 208); border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(247, 150, 70) rgb(247, 150, 70) rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt 0px; mso-background-themecolor: accent6; mso-background-themetint: 63; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent6; mso-border-left-alt: solid #F79646 1.0pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent6; mso-border-right-themecolor: accent6; mso-border-top-alt: solid #F79646 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent6; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 119.7pt;" valign="top" width="160">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 29.25pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-yfti-cnfc: 64;">
<o:p><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> </span></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 5;">
<td rowspan="7" style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(247, 150, 70) rgb(247, 150, 70); border-style: none solid solid; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt; mso-border-themecolor: accent6; mso-border-top-alt: solid #F79646 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent6; mso-rotate: 90; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 0.45in;" valign="top" width="43">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 5.65pt 0pt; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 29.25pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-yfti-cnfc: 132; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Child
Health<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(247, 150, 70) rgb(247, 150, 70) rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt 0px; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent6; mso-border-left-alt: solid #F79646 1.0pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent6; mso-border-right-themecolor: accent6; mso-border-top-alt: solid #F79646 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent6; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 238.5pt;" valign="top" width="318">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 29.25pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-yfti-cnfc: 128;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">BCG</span></div>
</td>
<td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(247, 150, 70) rgb(247, 150, 70) rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt 0px; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent6; mso-border-left-alt: solid #F79646 1.0pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent6; mso-border-right-themecolor: accent6; mso-border-top-alt: solid #F79646 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent6; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 88.2pt;" valign="top" width="118">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 29.25pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-yfti-cnfc: 128; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">80%</span></div>
</td>
<td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(247, 150, 70) rgb(247, 150, 70) rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt 0px; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent6; mso-border-left-alt: solid #F79646 1.0pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent6; mso-border-right-themecolor: accent6; mso-border-top-alt: solid #F79646 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent6; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 119.7pt;" valign="top" width="160">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 29.25pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-yfti-cnfc: 128;">
<o:p><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> </span></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 6;">
<td style="background: rgb(253, 228, 208); border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(247, 150, 70) rgb(247, 150, 70) rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt 0px; mso-background-themecolor: accent6; mso-background-themetint: 63; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent6; mso-border-left-alt: solid #F79646 1.0pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent6; mso-border-right-themecolor: accent6; mso-border-top-alt: solid #F79646 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent6; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 238.5pt;" valign="top" width="318">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 29.25pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-yfti-cnfc: 64;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">3 doses of polio </span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(253, 228, 208); border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(247, 150, 70) rgb(247, 150, 70) rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt 0px; mso-background-themecolor: accent6; mso-background-themetint: 63; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent6; mso-border-left-alt: solid #F79646 1.0pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent6; mso-border-right-themecolor: accent6; mso-border-top-alt: solid #F79646 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent6; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 88.2pt;" valign="top" width="118">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 29.25pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-yfti-cnfc: 64; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">49.6%</span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(253, 228, 208); border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(247, 150, 70) rgb(247, 150, 70) rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt 0px; mso-background-themecolor: accent6; mso-background-themetint: 63; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent6; mso-border-left-alt: solid #F79646 1.0pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent6; mso-border-right-themecolor: accent6; mso-border-top-alt: solid #F79646 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent6; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 119.7pt;" valign="top" width="160">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 29.25pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-yfti-cnfc: 64;">
<o:p><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> </span></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 7;">
<td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(247, 150, 70) rgb(247, 150, 70) rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt 0px; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent6; mso-border-left-alt: solid #F79646 1.0pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent6; mso-border-right-themecolor: accent6; mso-border-top-alt: solid #F79646 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent6; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 238.5pt;" valign="top" width="318">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 29.25pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-yfti-cnfc: 128;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">Penta 3</span></div>
</td>
<td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(247, 150, 70) rgb(247, 150, 70) rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt 0px; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent6; mso-border-left-alt: solid #F79646 1.0pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent6; mso-border-right-themecolor: accent6; mso-border-top-alt: solid #F79646 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent6; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 88.2pt;" valign="top" width="118">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 29.25pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-yfti-cnfc: 128; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">46.1%</span></div>
</td>
<td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(247, 150, 70) rgb(247, 150, 70) rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt 0px; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent6; mso-border-left-alt: solid #F79646 1.0pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent6; mso-border-right-themecolor: accent6; mso-border-top-alt: solid #F79646 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent6; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 119.7pt;" valign="top" width="160">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 29.25pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-yfti-cnfc: 128;">
<o:p><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> </span></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 8;">
<td style="background: rgb(253, 228, 208); border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(247, 150, 70) rgb(247, 150, 70) rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt 0px; mso-background-themecolor: accent6; mso-background-themetint: 63; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent6; mso-border-left-alt: solid #F79646 1.0pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent6; mso-border-right-themecolor: accent6; mso-border-top-alt: solid #F79646 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent6; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 238.5pt;" valign="top" width="318">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 29.25pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-yfti-cnfc: 64;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">Measles </span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(253, 228, 208); border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(247, 150, 70) rgb(247, 150, 70) rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt 0px; mso-background-themecolor: accent6; mso-background-themetint: 63; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent6; mso-border-left-alt: solid #F79646 1.0pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent6; mso-border-right-themecolor: accent6; mso-border-top-alt: solid #F79646 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent6; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 88.2pt;" valign="top" width="118">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 29.25pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-yfti-cnfc: 64; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">58.4%</span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(253, 228, 208); border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(247, 150, 70) rgb(247, 150, 70) rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt 0px; mso-background-themecolor: accent6; mso-background-themetint: 63; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent6; mso-border-left-alt: solid #F79646 1.0pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent6; mso-border-right-themecolor: accent6; mso-border-top-alt: solid #F79646 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent6; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 119.7pt;" valign="top" width="160">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 29.25pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-yfti-cnfc: 64;">
<o:p><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> </span></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 9;">
<td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(247, 150, 70) rgb(247, 150, 70) rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt 0px; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent6; mso-border-left-alt: solid #F79646 1.0pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent6; mso-border-right-themecolor: accent6; mso-border-top-alt: solid #F79646 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent6; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 238.5pt;" valign="top" width="318">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 29.25pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-yfti-cnfc: 128;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">All vaccine<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>(12-23 months) </span></div>
</td>
<td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(247, 150, 70) rgb(247, 150, 70) rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt 0px; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent6; mso-border-left-alt: solid #F79646 1.0pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent6; mso-border-right-themecolor: accent6; mso-border-top-alt: solid #F79646 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent6; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 88.2pt;" valign="top" width="118">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 29.25pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-yfti-cnfc: 128; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">29.5%</span></div>
</td>
<td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(247, 150, 70) rgb(247, 150, 70) rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt 0px; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent6; mso-border-left-alt: solid #F79646 1.0pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent6; mso-border-right-themecolor: accent6; mso-border-top-alt: solid #F79646 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent6; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 119.7pt;" valign="top" width="160">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 29.25pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-yfti-cnfc: 128;">
<o:p><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> </span></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 10;">
<td style="background: rgb(253, 228, 208); border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(247, 150, 70) rgb(247, 150, 70) rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt 0px; mso-background-themecolor: accent6; mso-background-themetint: 63; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent6; mso-border-left-alt: solid #F79646 1.0pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent6; mso-border-right-themecolor: accent6; mso-border-top-alt: solid #F79646 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent6; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 238.5pt;" valign="top" width="318">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 29.25pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-yfti-cnfc: 64;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">Exclusive breast feeding </span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(253, 228, 208); border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(247, 150, 70) rgb(247, 150, 70) rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt 0px; mso-background-themecolor: accent6; mso-background-themetint: 63; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent6; mso-border-left-alt: solid #F79646 1.0pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent6; mso-border-right-themecolor: accent6; mso-border-top-alt: solid #F79646 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent6; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 88.2pt;" valign="top" width="118">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 29.25pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-yfti-cnfc: 64; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">55.5%</span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(253, 228, 208); border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(247, 150, 70) rgb(247, 150, 70) rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt 0px; mso-background-themecolor: accent6; mso-background-themetint: 63; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent6; mso-border-left-alt: solid #F79646 1.0pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent6; mso-border-right-themecolor: accent6; mso-border-top-alt: solid #F79646 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent6; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 119.7pt;" valign="top" width="160">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 29.25pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-yfti-cnfc: 64;">
<o:p><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> </span></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 11;">
<td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(247, 150, 70) rgb(247, 150, 70) rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt 0px; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent6; mso-border-left-alt: solid #F79646 1.0pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent6; mso-border-right-themecolor: accent6; mso-border-top-alt: solid #F79646 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent6; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 238.5pt;" valign="top" width="318">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 29.25pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-yfti-cnfc: 128;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">Complementary feeding</span></div>
</td>
<td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(247, 150, 70) rgb(247, 150, 70) rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt 0px; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent6; mso-border-left-alt: solid #F79646 1.0pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent6; mso-border-right-themecolor: accent6; mso-border-top-alt: solid #F79646 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent6; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 88.2pt;" valign="top" width="118">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 29.25pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-yfti-cnfc: 128; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">58.9%</span></div>
</td>
<td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(247, 150, 70) rgb(247, 150, 70) rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt 0px; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent6; mso-border-left-alt: solid #F79646 1.0pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent6; mso-border-right-themecolor: accent6; mso-border-top-alt: solid #F79646 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent6; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 119.7pt;" valign="top" width="160">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 29.25pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-yfti-cnfc: 128;">
<o:p><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> </span></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 16.6pt; mso-yfti-irow: 12;">
<td rowspan="4" style="background: rgb(253, 228, 208); border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(247, 150, 70) rgb(247, 150, 70); border-style: none solid solid; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt; height: 16.6pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent6; mso-background-themetint: 63; mso-border-themecolor: accent6; mso-border-top-alt: solid #F79646 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent6; mso-rotate: 90; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 0.45in;" valign="top" width="43">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 5.65pt 0pt; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 29.25pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-yfti-cnfc: 68; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Utilization
of Health services<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(253, 228, 208); border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(247, 150, 70) rgb(247, 150, 70) rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt 0px; height: 16.6pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent6; mso-background-themetint: 63; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent6; mso-border-left-alt: solid #F79646 1.0pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent6; mso-border-right-themecolor: accent6; mso-border-top-alt: solid #F79646 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent6; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 238.5pt;" valign="top" width="318">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 29.25pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-yfti-cnfc: 64;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">Private clinic or hospital </span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(253, 228, 208); border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(247, 150, 70) rgb(247, 150, 70) rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt 0px; height: 16.6pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent6; mso-background-themetint: 63; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent6; mso-border-left-alt: solid #F79646 1.0pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent6; mso-border-right-themecolor: accent6; mso-border-top-alt: solid #F79646 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent6; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 88.2pt;" valign="top" width="118">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 29.25pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-yfti-cnfc: 64; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">40%</span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(253, 228, 208); border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(247, 150, 70) rgb(247, 150, 70) rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt 0px; height: 16.6pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent6; mso-background-themetint: 63; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent6; mso-border-left-alt: solid #F79646 1.0pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent6; mso-border-right-themecolor: accent6; mso-border-top-alt: solid #F79646 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent6; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 119.7pt;" valign="top" width="160">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 29.25pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-yfti-cnfc: 64;">
<o:p><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> </span></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 13;">
<td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(247, 150, 70) rgb(247, 150, 70) rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt 0px; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent6; mso-border-left-alt: solid #F79646 1.0pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent6; mso-border-right-themecolor: accent6; mso-border-top-alt: solid #F79646 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent6; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 238.5pt;" valign="top" width="318">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 29.25pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-yfti-cnfc: 128;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">BPHS facilities </span></div>
</td>
<td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(247, 150, 70) rgb(247, 150, 70) rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt 0px; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent6; mso-border-left-alt: solid #F79646 1.0pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent6; mso-border-right-themecolor: accent6; mso-border-top-alt: solid #F79646 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent6; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 88.2pt;" valign="top" width="118">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 29.25pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-yfti-cnfc: 128; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">29%</span></div>
</td>
<td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(247, 150, 70) rgb(247, 150, 70) rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt 0px; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent6; mso-border-left-alt: solid #F79646 1.0pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent6; mso-border-right-themecolor: accent6; mso-border-top-alt: solid #F79646 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent6; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 119.7pt;" valign="top" width="160">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 29.25pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-yfti-cnfc: 128;">
<o:p><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> </span></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 14;">
<td style="background: rgb(253, 228, 208); border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(247, 150, 70) rgb(247, 150, 70) rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt 0px; mso-background-themecolor: accent6; mso-background-themetint: 63; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent6; mso-border-left-alt: solid #F79646 1.0pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent6; mso-border-right-themecolor: accent6; mso-border-top-alt: solid #F79646 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent6; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 238.5pt;" valign="top" width="318">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 29.25pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-yfti-cnfc: 64;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">EPHS</span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(253, 228, 208); border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(247, 150, 70) rgb(247, 150, 70) rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt 0px; mso-background-themecolor: accent6; mso-background-themetint: 63; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent6; mso-border-left-alt: solid #F79646 1.0pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent6; mso-border-right-themecolor: accent6; mso-border-top-alt: solid #F79646 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent6; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 88.2pt;" valign="top" width="118">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 29.25pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-yfti-cnfc: 64; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">16%</span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(253, 228, 208); border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(247, 150, 70) rgb(247, 150, 70) rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt 0px; mso-background-themecolor: accent6; mso-background-themetint: 63; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent6; mso-border-left-alt: solid #F79646 1.0pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent6; mso-border-right-themecolor: accent6; mso-border-top-alt: solid #F79646 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent6; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 119.7pt;" valign="top" width="160">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 29.25pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-yfti-cnfc: 64;">
<o:p><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> </span></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 15;">
<td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(247, 150, 70) rgb(247, 150, 70) rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt 0px; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent6; mso-border-left-alt: solid #F79646 1.0pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent6; mso-border-right-themecolor: accent6; mso-border-top-alt: solid #F79646 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent6; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 238.5pt;" valign="top" width="318">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 29.25pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-yfti-cnfc: 128;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">Hospitalization rate </span></div>
</td>
<td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(247, 150, 70) rgb(247, 150, 70) rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt 0px; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent6; mso-border-left-alt: solid #F79646 1.0pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent6; mso-border-right-themecolor: accent6; mso-border-top-alt: solid #F79646 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent6; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 88.2pt;" valign="top" width="118">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 29.25pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-yfti-cnfc: 128; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">2.2%</span></div>
</td>
<td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(247, 150, 70) rgb(247, 150, 70) rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt 0px; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent6; mso-border-left-alt: solid #F79646 1.0pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent6; mso-border-right-themecolor: accent6; mso-border-top-alt: solid #F79646 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent6; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 119.7pt;" valign="top" width="160">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 29.25pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-yfti-cnfc: 128;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">EPHS 56.6%, Private 43.3%</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 16.15pt; mso-yfti-irow: 16;">
<td rowspan="5" style="background: rgb(253, 228, 208); border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(247, 150, 70) rgb(247, 150, 70); border-style: none solid solid; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt; height: 16.15pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent6; mso-background-themetint: 63; mso-border-themecolor: accent6; mso-border-top-alt: solid #F79646 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent6; mso-rotate: 90; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 0.45in;" valign="top" width="43">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 5.65pt 0pt; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 29.25pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-yfti-cnfc: 68; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Access
to Health Services<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(253, 228, 208); border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(247, 150, 70) rgb(247, 150, 70) rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt 0px; height: 16.15pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent6; mso-background-themetint: 63; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent6; mso-border-left-alt: solid #F79646 1.0pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent6; mso-border-right-themecolor: accent6; mso-border-top-alt: solid #F79646 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent6; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 238.5pt;" valign="top" width="318">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 29.25pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-yfti-cnfc: 64;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">BPHS Facility</span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(253, 228, 208); border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(247, 150, 70) rgb(247, 150, 70) rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt 0px; height: 16.15pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent6; mso-background-themetint: 63; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent6; mso-border-left-alt: solid #F79646 1.0pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent6; mso-border-right-themecolor: accent6; mso-border-top-alt: solid #F79646 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent6; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 88.2pt;" valign="top" width="118">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 29.25pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-yfti-cnfc: 64; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">31.2%</span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(253, 228, 208); border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(247, 150, 70) rgb(247, 150, 70) rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt 0px; height: 16.15pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent6; mso-background-themetint: 63; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent6; mso-border-left-alt: solid #F79646 1.0pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent6; mso-border-right-themecolor: accent6; mso-border-top-alt: solid #F79646 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent6; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 119.7pt;" valign="top" width="160">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 29.25pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-yfti-cnfc: 64;">
<o:p><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> </span></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 17;">
<td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(247, 150, 70) rgb(247, 150, 70) rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt 0px; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent6; mso-border-left-alt: solid #F79646 1.0pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent6; mso-border-right-themecolor: accent6; mso-border-top-alt: solid #F79646 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent6; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 238.5pt;" valign="top" width="318">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 29.25pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-yfti-cnfc: 128;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">EPHS Hospital </span></div>
</td>
<td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(247, 150, 70) rgb(247, 150, 70) rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt 0px; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent6; mso-border-left-alt: solid #F79646 1.0pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent6; mso-border-right-themecolor: accent6; mso-border-top-alt: solid #F79646 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent6; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 88.2pt;" valign="top" width="118">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 29.25pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-yfti-cnfc: 128; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">15.3%</span></div>
</td>
<td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(247, 150, 70) rgb(247, 150, 70) rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt 0px; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent6; mso-border-left-alt: solid #F79646 1.0pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent6; mso-border-right-themecolor: accent6; mso-border-top-alt: solid #F79646 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent6; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 119.7pt;" valign="top" width="160">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 29.25pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-yfti-cnfc: 128;">
<o:p><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> </span></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 18;">
<td style="background: rgb(253, 228, 208); border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(247, 150, 70) rgb(247, 150, 70) rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt 0px; mso-background-themecolor: accent6; mso-background-themetint: 63; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent6; mso-border-left-alt: solid #F79646 1.0pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent6; mso-border-right-themecolor: accent6; mso-border-top-alt: solid #F79646 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent6; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 238.5pt;" valign="top" width="318">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 29.25pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-yfti-cnfc: 64;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">Private clinic/hospital </span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(253, 228, 208); border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(247, 150, 70) rgb(247, 150, 70) rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt 0px; mso-background-themecolor: accent6; mso-background-themetint: 63; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent6; mso-border-left-alt: solid #F79646 1.0pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent6; mso-border-right-themecolor: accent6; mso-border-top-alt: solid #F79646 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent6; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 88.2pt;" valign="top" width="118">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 29.25pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-yfti-cnfc: 64; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">38.3%</span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(253, 228, 208); border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(247, 150, 70) rgb(247, 150, 70) rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt 0px; mso-background-themecolor: accent6; mso-background-themetint: 63; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent6; mso-border-left-alt: solid #F79646 1.0pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent6; mso-border-right-themecolor: accent6; mso-border-top-alt: solid #F79646 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent6; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 119.7pt;" valign="top" width="160">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 29.25pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-yfti-cnfc: 64;">
<o:p><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> </span></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 3.5pt; mso-yfti-irow: 19;">
<td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(247, 150, 70) rgb(247, 150, 70) rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt 0px; height: 3.5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent6; mso-border-left-alt: solid #F79646 1.0pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent6; mso-border-right-themecolor: accent6; mso-border-top-alt: solid #F79646 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent6; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 238.5pt;" valign="top" width="318">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 29.25pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-yfti-cnfc: 128;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">Pharmacy </span></div>
</td>
<td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(247, 150, 70) rgb(247, 150, 70) rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt 0px; height: 3.5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent6; mso-border-left-alt: solid #F79646 1.0pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent6; mso-border-right-themecolor: accent6; mso-border-top-alt: solid #F79646 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent6; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 88.2pt;" valign="top" width="118">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 29.25pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-yfti-cnfc: 128; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">12.82%</span></div>
</td>
<td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(247, 150, 70) rgb(247, 150, 70) rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt 0px; height: 3.5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent6; mso-border-left-alt: solid #F79646 1.0pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent6; mso-border-right-themecolor: accent6; mso-border-top-alt: solid #F79646 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent6; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 119.7pt;" valign="top" width="160">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 29.25pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-yfti-cnfc: 128;">
<o:p><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> </span></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 3.5pt; mso-yfti-irow: 20;">
<td style="background: rgb(253, 228, 208); border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(247, 150, 70) rgb(247, 150, 70) rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt 0px; height: 3.5pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent6; mso-background-themetint: 63; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent6; mso-border-left-alt: solid #F79646 1.0pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent6; mso-border-right-themecolor: accent6; mso-border-top-alt: solid #F79646 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent6; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 238.5pt;" valign="top" width="318">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 29.25pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-yfti-cnfc: 64;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">Travel time of less than two hours to
nearest health facility </span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(253, 228, 208); border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(247, 150, 70) rgb(247, 150, 70) rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt 0px; height: 3.5pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent6; mso-background-themetint: 63; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent6; mso-border-left-alt: solid #F79646 1.0pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent6; mso-border-right-themecolor: accent6; mso-border-top-alt: solid #F79646 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent6; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 88.2pt;" valign="top" width="118">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 29.25pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-yfti-cnfc: 64; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">81.8%</span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(253, 228, 208); border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(247, 150, 70) rgb(247, 150, 70) rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt 0px; height: 3.5pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent6; mso-background-themetint: 63; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent6; mso-border-left-alt: solid #F79646 1.0pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent6; mso-border-right-themecolor: accent6; mso-border-top-alt: solid #F79646 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent6; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 119.7pt;" valign="top" width="160">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 29.25pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-yfti-cnfc: 64;">
<o:p><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> </span></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 3.5pt; mso-yfti-irow: 21; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(247, 150, 70) rgb(247, 150, 70); border-style: none solid solid; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt; height: 3.5pt; mso-border-themecolor: accent6; mso-border-top-alt: solid #F79646 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent6; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 0.45in;" valign="top" width="43">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 29.25pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-yfti-cnfc: 132;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(247, 150, 70) rgb(247, 150, 70) rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt 0px; height: 3.5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent6; mso-border-left-alt: solid #F79646 1.0pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent6; mso-border-right-themecolor: accent6; mso-border-top-alt: solid #F79646 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent6; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 238.5pt;" valign="top" width="318">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 29.25pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-yfti-cnfc: 128;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">Care seeking outside home </span></div>
</td>
<td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(247, 150, 70) rgb(247, 150, 70) rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt 0px; height: 3.5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent6; mso-border-left-alt: solid #F79646 1.0pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent6; mso-border-right-themecolor: accent6; mso-border-top-alt: solid #F79646 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent6; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 88.2pt;" valign="top" width="118">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 29.25pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-yfti-cnfc: 128; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">82%</span></div>
</td>
<td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(247, 150, 70) rgb(247, 150, 70) rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt 0px; height: 3.5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent6; mso-border-left-alt: solid #F79646 1.0pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent6; mso-border-right-themecolor: accent6; mso-border-top-alt: solid #F79646 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent6; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 119.7pt;" valign="top" width="160">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 29.25pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-yfti-cnfc: 128;">
<o:p><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> </span></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08571418027745981111noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8286568105986577380.post-35007613972629909762012-12-10T05:03:00.004-04:302012-12-10T05:06:57.527-04:30<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjoSgtytfXm4LIkidmVAFSd4Ygr2_SWDVimfKy8AKdn6-Tp3onyPAkEaWtlxzO6zXVYhmdbC5tG5sa5jawKJUnYwfL-cjbOBKBx6W1nJy4GfxDL93ud54Neprqre4SoxlKQEuyVEBURZBGX/s1600/SAM_0797.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjoSgtytfXm4LIkidmVAFSd4Ygr2_SWDVimfKy8AKdn6-Tp3onyPAkEaWtlxzO6zXVYhmdbC5tG5sa5jawKJUnYwfL-cjbOBKBx6W1nJy4GfxDL93ud54Neprqre4SoxlKQEuyVEBURZBGX/s320/SAM_0797.JPG" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
<b><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"></span></span></b><br />
<b><span style="background: white; color: #222222;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Third Annual Public Health Conference, Health Services Academy, Islamabd, Pakistan</span></span></b><br />
<strong><span style="color: #222222; font-family: Calibri;"></span></strong><br />
<b><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Role of NGOs in Addressing Social Determinants of Health</span></span></b><br />
<b><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b><br />
Najibullah Safi, MD, MSc.HPM<br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Social Determinants of Health (SDH) refer
to broad social factors that lead to or influence health and development. They are
the conditions in which people are born, grow, live, work and age, including
the health system. These conditions are formed by the distribution of money,
power and resources at global, national and local levels. The SDH are mostly
responsible for health inequities seen within and between countries. In order
to respond to the increasing concern about these persisting inequities in
health, it is necessary to involve collaborative partners as catalysts for
change at global, national and local levels. Partners can be NGOs, community based
organization, government agencies, corporations, academic institutions, and
faith communities etc. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">Action on health must involve the whole of government, civil
society and local communities, business, global fora, and international
agencies. <span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The Social Determinants of a Community Health or development
may be unique to a particular community or group, or may be part of the larger
society. Therefore, it is necessary to use participatory approach to analyze
and address SDH. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">Collecting community based data and holding consultation
with grassroots are critical in understanding the bottlenecks for services
delivery. NGOs are well positioned to partner with for data collection,
bottleneck analysis and in addressing those barriers to social services
delivery.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">The Rio Political Declaration on SDH (October 2011) re-emphased
that civil society including NGOs can play an important role in ensuring t<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ransparent
governance; participation in policy and planning; foster collaboration; a</span>dvocacy;
social mobilization; implementation of intervention addressing the SDH and the
establishment of an appropriate monitoring system for measuring the progress. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">NGOs are uniquely placed to reach out to communities, to
express their needs, and to engage in a grass roots dialogue about SDH and the
ways to address them. Experience from around the globe indicates that NGOs are
playing an important role in addressing SDH through identifying the various
social factors affecting health and development, mediation, community
organization, health education and promotion, capacity building at the local
levels, establishment of coalition and partnership and advocacy at local,
national and global levels. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The role of
NGOs in addressing SDH is gradually increasing as they are growing in size,
quality and impact. They are shifting their focus from charity to development
and advocacy; linked to marginalized groups and local communities on the grass
root level; are focusing on alternative strategies in development and contributing
to the development of innovative demonstrative models for addressing social and
developmental issues. <b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">In
developing countries including Pakistan and Afghanistan due to limited capacity
and growing perception of lack of transparency the public sector has failed to
deliver the results according to the needs and expectations of the people. Therefore,
the international partners are increasingly engaging the civil society and NGOs
to address rampant poverty, illiteracy, poor access to health care and other
social services. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<br />Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08571418027745981111noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8286568105986577380.post-72919930992940816362012-11-08T05:13:00.003-04:302012-11-08T05:13:49.494-04:30Health related indicators NRVA 2011-2012 (mid-term results, preliminary figures)<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableLightListAccent6" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid #F79646 1.0pt; mso-border-themecolor: accent6; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; width: 638px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="background: #F79646; border-bottom: none; border-left: solid #F79646 1.0pt; border-right: none; border-top: solid #F79646 1.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent6; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent6; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent6; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .35in;" valign="top" width="34">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-yfti-cnfc: 5; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="color: white; mso-themecolor: background1;">No<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="background: #F79646; border-top: solid #F79646 1.0pt; border: none; mso-background-themecolor: accent6; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent6; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 333.9pt;" valign="top" width="445">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-yfti-cnfc: 1; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="color: white; mso-themecolor: background1;">Indicators<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F79646; border-bottom: none; border-left: none; border-right: solid #F79646 1.0pt; border-top: solid #F79646 1.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent6; mso-border-right-themecolor: accent6; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent6; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 119.7pt;" valign="top" width="160">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-yfti-cnfc: 1; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="color: white; mso-themecolor: background1;">Remarks<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-right: none; border: solid #F79646 1.0pt; mso-border-themecolor: accent6; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .35in;" valign="top" width="34">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-yfti-cnfc: 68; text-align: justify;">
<b>1<o:p></o:p></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid #F79646 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid #F79646 1.0pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent6; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent6; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 214.2pt;" valign="top" width="286">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-yfti-cnfc: 64; text-align: justify;">
Total settled
population<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid #F79646 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid #F79646 1.0pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent6; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent6; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 119.7pt;" valign="top" width="160">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-yfti-cnfc: 64; text-align: justify;">
25,490,000 <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-yfti-cnfc: 64; text-align: justify;">
(male
13177000,<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-yfti-cnfc: 64; text-align: justify;">
female 12313000)<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid #F79646 1.0pt; mso-border-themecolor: accent6; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 119.7pt;" valign="top" width="160">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-yfti-cnfc: 64; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-left: solid #F79646 1.0pt; border: none; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent6; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .35in;" valign="top" width="34">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-yfti-cnfc: 4; text-align: justify;">
<b>2<o:p></o:p></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 214.2pt;" valign="top" width="286">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
Population under 15<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 119.7pt;" valign="top" width="160">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
46.2%<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-right: solid #F79646 1.0pt; border: none; mso-border-right-themecolor: accent6; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 119.7pt;" valign="top" width="160">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-right: none; border: solid #F79646 1.0pt; mso-border-themecolor: accent6; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .35in;" valign="top" width="34">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-yfti-cnfc: 68; text-align: justify;">
<b>3<o:p></o:p></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid #F79646 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid #F79646 1.0pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent6; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent6; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 214.2pt;" valign="top" width="286">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-yfti-cnfc: 64; text-align: justify;">
Sex ratio<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid #F79646 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid #F79646 1.0pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent6; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent6; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 119.7pt;" valign="top" width="160">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-yfti-cnfc: 64; text-align: justify;">
107%<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid #F79646 1.0pt; mso-border-themecolor: accent6; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 119.7pt;" valign="top" width="160">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-yfti-cnfc: 64; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-left: solid #F79646 1.0pt; border: none; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent6; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .35in;" valign="top" width="34">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-yfti-cnfc: 4; text-align: justify;">
<b>4<o:p></o:p></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 214.2pt;" valign="top" width="286">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
Dependency ratio <o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 119.7pt;" valign="top" width="160">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
102%<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-right: solid #F79646 1.0pt; border: none; mso-border-right-themecolor: accent6; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 119.7pt;" valign="top" width="160">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
May be one of the highest in
the world <o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-right: none; border: solid #F79646 1.0pt; mso-border-themecolor: accent6; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .35in;" valign="top" width="34">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-yfti-cnfc: 68; text-align: justify;">
<b>5<o:p></o:p></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid #F79646 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid #F79646 1.0pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent6; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent6; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 214.2pt;" valign="top" width="286">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-yfti-cnfc: 64; text-align: justify;">
Average
household size<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid #F79646 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid #F79646 1.0pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent6; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent6; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 119.7pt;" valign="top" width="160">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-yfti-cnfc: 64; text-align: justify;">
7.5 persons<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid #F79646 1.0pt; mso-border-themecolor: accent6; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 119.7pt;" valign="top" width="160">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-yfti-cnfc: 64; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-left: solid #F79646 1.0pt; border: none; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent6; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .35in;" valign="top" width="34">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-yfti-cnfc: 4; text-align: justify;">
<b>6<o:p></o:p></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 214.2pt;" valign="top" width="286">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
Access to safe drinking water<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 119.7pt;" valign="top" width="160">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
48%<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-right: solid #F79646 1.0pt; border: none; mso-border-right-themecolor: accent6; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 119.7pt;" valign="top" width="160">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-right: none; border: solid #F79646 1.0pt; mso-border-themecolor: accent6; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .35in;" valign="top" width="34">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-yfti-cnfc: 68; text-align: justify;">
<b>7<o:p></o:p></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid #F79646 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid #F79646 1.0pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent6; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent6; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 214.2pt;" valign="top" width="286">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-yfti-cnfc: 64; text-align: justify;">
Access to
improve sanitation<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid #F79646 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid #F79646 1.0pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent6; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent6; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 119.7pt;" valign="top" width="160">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-yfti-cnfc: 64; text-align: justify;">
9%<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid #F79646 1.0pt; mso-border-themecolor: accent6; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 119.7pt;" valign="top" width="160">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-yfti-cnfc: 64; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-left: solid #F79646 1.0pt; border: none; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent6; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .35in;" valign="top" width="34">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-yfti-cnfc: 4; text-align: justify;">
<b>8<o:p></o:p></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 214.2pt;" valign="top" width="286">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
Births attended by skilled
health personnel<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 119.7pt;" valign="top" width="160">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
40%<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-right: solid #F79646 1.0pt; border: none; mso-border-right-themecolor: accent6; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 119.7pt;" valign="top" width="160">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="6" style="border-right: none; border: solid #F79646 1.0pt; mso-border-themecolor: accent6; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .35in;" valign="top" width="34">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-yfti-cnfc: 68; text-align: justify;">
<b>9<o:p></o:p></b></div>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: solid #F79646 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid #F79646 1.0pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent6; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent6; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 333.9pt;" valign="top" width="445">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-yfti-cnfc: 64; text-align: center;">
Security
assessment<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid #F79646 1.0pt; mso-border-themecolor: accent6; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 119.7pt;" valign="top" width="160">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-yfti-cnfc: 64; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 214.2pt;" valign="top" width="286">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
Very secure<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 119.7pt;" valign="top" width="160">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
44%<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-right: solid #F79646 1.0pt; border: none; mso-border-right-themecolor: accent6; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 119.7pt;" valign="top" width="160">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-bottom: solid #F79646 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid #F79646 1.0pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent6; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent6; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 214.2pt;" valign="top" width="286">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-yfti-cnfc: 64; text-align: justify;">
Moderately
secure<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid #F79646 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid #F79646 1.0pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent6; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent6; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 119.7pt;" valign="top" width="160">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-yfti-cnfc: 64; text-align: justify;">
34%<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid #F79646 1.0pt; mso-border-themecolor: accent6; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 119.7pt;" valign="top" width="160">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-yfti-cnfc: 64; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 214.2pt;" valign="top" width="286">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
Not secure, not insecure<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 119.7pt;" valign="top" width="160">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
9%<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-right: solid #F79646 1.0pt; border: none; mso-border-right-themecolor: accent6; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 119.7pt;" valign="top" width="160">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-bottom: solid #F79646 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid #F79646 1.0pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent6; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent6; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 214.2pt;" valign="top" width="286">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-yfti-cnfc: 64; text-align: justify;">
Moderately
insecure<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid #F79646 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid #F79646 1.0pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent6; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent6; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 119.7pt;" valign="top" width="160">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-yfti-cnfc: 64; text-align: justify;">
6%<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid #F79646 1.0pt; mso-border-themecolor: accent6; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 119.7pt;" valign="top" width="160">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-yfti-cnfc: 64; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-bottom: solid #F79646 1.0pt; border: none; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent6; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 214.2pt;" valign="top" width="286">
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal">
Very insecure<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid #F79646 1.0pt; border: none; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent6; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 119.7pt;" valign="top" width="160">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
7%<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid #F79646 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #F79646 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent6; mso-border-right-themecolor: accent6; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 119.7pt;" valign="top" width="160">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08571418027745981111noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8286568105986577380.post-87761134855163908952012-09-19T05:22:00.002-04:302012-09-19T05:22:19.005-04:30<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Environmental
Health<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">The country’s
health care delivery system has been steadily progressing over the last ten
years, with an increasing coverage of primary health care services throughout
the country. The country has managed to develop its vision, roadmap and policy
frameworks that guided its health development drive to extend adequate coverage
of basic health service to the majority of the country’s population. Major priorities in the health sector are improve
the nutritional status, strengthen human resource management and development,
increase equitable access to quality health services, strengthen the
stewardship role of MoPH and governance in the health sector, improve health
financing, enhance evidence-based decision making, support regulation and
standardization of the private sector to provide quality health services,
support health promotion and community empowerment, <b>advocate for and promote
healthy environments</b>, create an enabling environment for the production and
availability of quality pharmaceuticals.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">In spite of too
many challenges the Ministry of Public Health in the light of the MoPH five
years strategic plan 2011-2015, succeeded to develop the National Environmental
Health Strategy for 2012- 2015. The strategy focuses on management and
leadership, WASH, food safety, radiation safety/protection, environmental
hygiene/sanitation, occupational health and house and urban hygiene. The
strategy will guide the MoPH and its partners in their work over the next five
years. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Access to safe
drinking water, improved sanitation and air quality<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Afghanistan faces a number of basic environmental health (EH) issues,
such as unsafe drinking water; inadequate sanitation facilities, drainage and
water supply; improper solid and hazardous waste management; chemical
contamination; poor air quality and unhygienic food handling at all stages of
supply, storage and transport. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Access to safe drinking water has increased over the last few years. 57%
of households obtain drinking water from an improved source (urban 82% vs. rural
51%). However, the country has a long way to go in improving sanitation. Only 31%
of households have an improved toilet facility, while another 20% do not have
toilet facility at all. Less than half (43%) of households in Afghanistan have
regular electricity supply. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Various studies have highlighted the gaps between knowledge and
practice, in particular where people have acknowledged the need but could not
follow recommended hygiene practices due to lack of water or other facilities. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Drinking water treatments rely only on disinfection by chlorination or
some basic filters in certain places of the country. The quality of underground
water, which has already been reported with contamination of ammonia and
nitrate, is also threatened by construction of septic wells, particularly in
urban areas. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">To date, limited data
has been compiled on air pollutant emissions. Preliminary data indicates high
amounts of dust and polyaromatic hydrocarbons in the air, which is most likely
originated from vehicle exhaust emissions. MoPH estimated that more than 3,000
people may die only in Kabul because of air pollution every year.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center">
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableLightListAccent5" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid #4BACC6 1.0pt; mso-border-themecolor: accent5; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 503px;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 18.65pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: solid #4BACC6 1.0pt; height: 18.65pt; mso-border-themecolor: accent5; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 238.6pt;" valign="top" width="318">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-yfti-cnfc: 80; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #282828;"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Total
population (CSO 2012)<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid #4BACC6 1.0pt; height: 18.65pt; mso-border-themecolor: accent5; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 138.9pt;" valign="top" width="185">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-yfti-cnfc: 64; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="color: #282828;"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">27,000,000<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 38.15pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-bottom: none; border-left: solid #4BACC6 1.0pt; border-right: solid #4BACC6 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 38.15pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-right-themecolor: accent5; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 238.6pt;" valign="top" width="318">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-yfti-cnfc: 16; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #282828;"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Access
to improved source of drinking water* %
<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-yfti-cnfc: 16; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #282828; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Urban %<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-yfti-cnfc: 16; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #282828;"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Rural %<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-right: solid #4BACC6 1.0pt; border: none; height: 38.15pt; mso-border-right-themecolor: accent5; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 138.9pt;" valign="top" width="185">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="color: #282828;"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">57<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="color: #282828;"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">82<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="color: #282828;"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">51<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 18.8pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="border: solid #4BACC6 1.0pt; height: 18.8pt; mso-border-themecolor: accent5; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 238.6pt;" valign="top" width="318">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-yfti-cnfc: 80; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #282828;"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Appropriate
treatment of drinking water** %<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid #4BACC6 1.0pt; height: 18.8pt; mso-border-themecolor: accent5; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 138.9pt;" valign="top" width="185">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-yfti-cnfc: 64; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="color: #282828;"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">20<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 65.15pt; mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td style="border-bottom: none; border-left: solid #4BACC6 1.0pt; border-right: solid #4BACC6 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 65.15pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-right-themecolor: accent5; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 238.6pt;" valign="top" width="318">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-yfti-cnfc: 16; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: #282828;"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Population live in households
using improved sanitation facilities* %<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-yfti-cnfc: 16; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-yfti-cnfc: 16; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #282828; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Urban %<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-yfti-cnfc: 16; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #282828;"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Rural %<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-right: solid #4BACC6 1.0pt; border: none; height: 65.15pt; mso-border-right-themecolor: accent5; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 138.9pt;" valign="top" width="185">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="color: #282828;"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">31<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="color: #282828;"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="color: #282828;"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">60<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="color: #282828;"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"> </span></span></b><b><span style="color: #282828;"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">25</span></span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 38.6pt; mso-yfti-irow: 4;">
<td style="border: solid #4BACC6 1.0pt; height: 38.6pt; mso-border-themecolor: accent5; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 238.6pt;" valign="top" width="318">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-yfti-cnfc: 80; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: #282828;"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Households use a specific
place for hand washing* %<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-yfti-cnfc: 80; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-yfti-cnfc: 80; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #282828; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Urban %<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-yfti-cnfc: 80; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: #282828;"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Rural %<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid #4BACC6 1.0pt; height: 38.6pt; mso-border-themecolor: accent5; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 138.9pt;" valign="top" width="185">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-yfti-cnfc: 64; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="color: #282828;"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">60<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-yfti-cnfc: 64; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-yfti-cnfc: 64; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="color: #282828;"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-yfti-cnfc: 64; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="color: #282828;"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">83<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-yfti-cnfc: 64; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="color: #282828;"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">55</span></span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 3.15pt; mso-yfti-irow: 5; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid #4BACC6 1.0pt; height: 3.15pt; mso-border-themecolor: accent5; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 238.6pt;" valign="top" width="318">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-yfti-cnfc: 16; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Household with
regular electricity supply<span style="color: #282828;">** </span> % <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid #4BACC6 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #4BACC6 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 3.15pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-right-themecolor: accent5; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 138.9pt;" valign="top" width="185">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><b><span style="color: #282828;">43</span></b><b><span style="color: #282828;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #282828;"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"> <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #282828;"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"> *MICS 2010 **AMS 2010</span></span></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08571418027745981111noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8286568105986577380.post-34871016599329633652012-07-18T23:13:00.002-04:302012-07-18T23:13:54.430-04:30Non-communicable Diseases in Afghanistan at a glance<br />
<h4 style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><b><span style="color: #3366ff;">Non-communicable Diseases in Afghanistan </span></b></span></h4>
<div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 9pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Of the 57 million global deaths in 2008, 63%
were due to NCDs. As the impact of NCDs increases, and as the population age,
annual NCDs deaths are projected to continue to rise worldwide, and the
greatest increase is expected to occur in low and middle income countries. It
is assumed that NCDs affect mostly high income population, while the evidence
tells a very different story. Nearly 80% of NCDs deaths occur in low and middle
income countries. The demographic and epidemiological transitions in South Asia
are resulting in an increasing share of the diseases burden related to NCDs.
Over half of the disease burden in South Asia is attributed to NCDs. This
proportion is expected to rise significantly. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-size: 9pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">The current data shows that the burden of NCDs is
escalating in Afghanistan. They are the cause of more than 35% mortality, as
indicated in Afghanistan Mortality Survey (AMS) 2010. The major contributor
includes Cardiovascular Diseases (Female 17.9% Male 14%), Cancer (Female 8.3%
Male 7.3%), Diabetes Mellitus (Female 2.7% Male 3.7), and Respiratory Disease (female
2.3% Male 1.9%). Among female, the
leading causes of death are infectious/parasitic and Cardiovascular disease
(18% each) followed by respiratory infections (15%). NCDs share common
preventable and modifiable risk factors like tobacco use, unhealthy diets, physical
inactivity, and harmful use of Alcohol.</span></div>
</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 9pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: blue; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><b style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Risk Factors for NCDs</span></b></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: blue; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 9pt;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-size: 9pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Tobacco
use is a major risk factor for NCDs. It is the only product in the world that
kills half of its users. Almost 6 million people die from direct and passive smoking
each year. By 2020, this number will increase to 7.5 million, accounting for 10%
of all deaths. If current trends continue, tobacco will kill nearly 8 million
people every year throughout the period leading to 2030. Smoking is estimated
to cause 71% of lung cancer, 42% of chronic respiratory disease and nearly 10%
of cardiovascular diseases. The highest incidence of smoking among men is in
low-middle income countries. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-size: 9pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">In
Afghanistan data on smoking and its effects on health is limited. However, the
Global Youth Tobacco Survey of 2010 indicates that more than 16% of youths have
ever tried or experimented smoking, 90 % of them tried a cigarette in the age
of 13 years, 17% of children have been affected by passive smoking, 21 % of
students said that most of their closest friends smoke cigarettes, 18 % of
students think that passive smoking is not harmful. In addition, a recent study
conducted in Kabul indicates that the prevalence of cigarette smoking among men
aged 15 years and older is estimated to be 35.2%. Study findings show that 46%
of respondents were smoking in some point in their life. Totally 85.4% (35.2%
currently smokers and 50.2% passive smokers) of respondents were somehow
exposed to cigarettes smoke. Study findings indicates that those who grew up in
a family where family members were smoking, are more likely to smoke compared
to those respondents whose family members were not smoking. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-size: 9pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">Globally, approximately 3.2 million people die each
year due to physical inactivity. People who are insufficiently physically
active have a 20-30% increased risk of all cause mortality. Moreover, nearly
2.3 million die from the harmful use of Alcohol. Unfortunately almost no data
is available on these risk factors in Afghanistan.</span></div>
</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<div align="center">
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; width: 626px;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 25.75pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0; page-break-inside: avoid;">
<td style="background: #FF8F8F; border: solid #2B4293 1.0pt; height: 25.75pt; padding: 2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt; width: 306.4pt;" width="409">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="color: #282828; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt;">Total population <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #FF8F8F; border-left: none; border: solid #2B4293 1.0pt; height: 25.75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #2B4293 1.0pt; padding: 2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt; width: 163.1pt;" width="217">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="color: #282828; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt;">29,117,000<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 4.8pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1; page-break-inside: avoid;">
<td style="background: white; border-top: none; border: solid #2B4293 1.0pt; height: 4.8pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #2B4293 1.0pt; padding: 2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt; width: 306.4pt;" width="409">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: #282828; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt;">Smoking prevalence in
Age 15 years and above <b>%</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: white; border-bottom: solid #2B4293 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #2B4293 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 4.8pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #2B4293 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #2B4293 1.0pt; padding: 2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt; width: 163.1pt;" width="217">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="color: #282828; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt;">35<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 4.8pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2; page-break-inside: avoid;">
<td style="background: white; border-top: none; border: solid #2B4293 1.0pt; height: 4.8pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #2B4293 1.0pt; padding: 2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt; width: 306.4pt;" width="409">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: #282828; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt;">Passive smoking prevalence
<b>%</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: white; border-bottom: solid #2B4293 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #2B4293 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 4.8pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #2B4293 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #2B4293 1.0pt; padding: 2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt; width: 163.1pt;" width="217">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="color: #282828; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt;">50<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 4.8pt; mso-yfti-irow: 3; page-break-inside: avoid;">
<td colspan="2" style="background: #FF8F8F; border-top: none; border: solid #2B4293 1.0pt; height: 4.8pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #2B4293 1.0pt; padding: 2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt; width: 469.5pt;" width="626">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="color: #282828; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt;">Causes
of Deaths (AMS 2010)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 4.8pt; mso-yfti-irow: 4; page-break-inside: avoid;">
<td style="background: #B3DCE7; border-top: none; border: solid #2B4293 1.0pt; height: 4.8pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #2B4293 1.0pt; padding: 2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt; width: 306.4pt;" width="409">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: #282828; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;">Communicable, maternal, perinatal and nutritional condition
(2010) %<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #B3DCE7; border-bottom: solid #2B4293 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #2B4293 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 4.8pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #2B4293 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #2B4293 1.0pt; padding: 2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt; width: 163.1pt;" width="217">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="color: #282828; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;">Female
52.8 -- Male 42.6<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 3.15pt; mso-yfti-irow: 5; page-break-inside: avoid;">
<td style="background: #B3DCE7; border-top: none; border: solid #2B4293 1.0pt; height: 3.15pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #2B4293 1.0pt; padding: 2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt; width: 306.4pt;" width="409">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;">Non-communicable
Disease (2010) %<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #B3DCE7; border-bottom: solid #2B4293 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #2B4293 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 3.15pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #2B4293 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #2B4293 1.0pt; padding: 2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt; width: 163.1pt;" width="217">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="color: #282828; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;">Female
37.5 -- Male 33.3<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 3.15pt; mso-yfti-irow: 6; page-break-inside: avoid;">
<td style="background: white; border-top: none; border: solid #2B4293 1.0pt; height: 3.15pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #2B4293 1.0pt; padding: 2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt; width: 306.4pt;" width="409">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;">Cancer
(2010) %<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: white; border-bottom: solid #2B4293 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #2B4293 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 3.15pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #2B4293 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #2B4293 1.0pt; padding: 2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt; width: 163.1pt;" width="217">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="color: #282828; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;">Female
8.4 -- Male 7.3<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 3.15pt; mso-yfti-irow: 7; page-break-inside: avoid;">
<td style="background: white; border-top: none; border: solid #2B4293 1.0pt; height: 3.15pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #2B4293 1.0pt; padding: 2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt; width: 306.4pt;" width="409">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;">Cardiovascular
Diseases (2010) %<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: white; border-bottom: solid #2B4293 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #2B4293 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 3.15pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #2B4293 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #2B4293 1.0pt; padding: 2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt; width: 163.1pt;" width="217">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="color: #282828; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;">Female
17.5 -- Male 14<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 3.15pt; mso-yfti-irow: 8; page-break-inside: avoid;">
<td style="background: #B3DCE7; border-top: none; border: solid #2B4293 1.0pt; height: 3.15pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #2B4293 1.0pt; padding: 2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt; width: 306.4pt;" width="409">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;">Injuries
(2010) %<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #B3DCE7; border-bottom: solid #2B4293 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #2B4293 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 3.15pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #2B4293 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #2B4293 1.0pt; padding: 2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt 2.85pt; width: 163.1pt;" width="217">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="color: #282828; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;">Female
6.7 -- Male 20.8<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 3.15pt; mso-yfti-irow: 9; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes; page-break-inside: avoid;">
<td colspan="2" style="border-top: none; border: solid white 1.0pt; height: 3.15pt; mso-border-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid white .5pt; padding: 3.1pt 3.1pt 3.1pt 3.1pt; width: 469.5pt;" valign="top" width="626">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
</div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08571418027745981111noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8286568105986577380.post-49543219468975219682012-07-18T22:29:00.000-04:302012-07-18T22:29:20.483-04:30<a href="http://www.voanews.com/dari/news/Pakistan-Afghanistan-Polio-162760716.html">http://www.voanews.com/dari/news/Pakistan-Afghanistan-Polio-162760716.html</a><br />
<br />
<br />
<h3 style="text-align: right;">
خطر مصاب شدن 350 هزار طفل به مرض فلج</h3>
<div>
<div style="color: #333333; direction: rtl; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 27px; padding: 0px 0px 15px 10px; text-align: right;">
یک داکتر پاکستانی که در فعالیتهای واکسیناسیون پولیو نقش داشت، به روز دوشنبه در شهر کراچی به ضرب گلوله مهاجمین ناشناس کشته شد.</div>
<div style="color: #333333; direction: rtl; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 27px; padding: 0px 0px 15px 10px; text-align: right;">
این تازه ترین ضربه بر فعالیتهای ضد پولیو در پاکستان بود.</div>
<div style="color: #333333; direction: rtl; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 27px; padding: 0px 0px 15px 10px; text-align: right;">
درعین حال طالبان پاکستان بطور احتجاج بر حمله طیارات بی پیلوت برنامه واکسیناسیون دو روزه را که در پاکستان جریان دارد، درمناطق تحت فرمان شان منع قرارداده اند.آنها ادعا می کنند که به بهانه واکسین معلومات درمورد طالبان جمع آوری می شود.</div>
<div style="color: #333333; direction: rtl; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 27px; padding: 0px 0px 15px 10px; text-align: right;">
بنا برهمین موانع مقامات در پاکستان دربخشهای از مناطق قبایلی واکسیناسیون پولیو را به تعویق انداخته اند. مقامات حکومت مرکزی ازحکومت های محلی خواسته اند تا شورشیان را متقاعد بسازند تا این کمپاین را درمناطق قبایلی نیز اجازه بدهند.</div>
<div style="color: #333333; direction: rtl; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 27px; padding: 0px 0px 15px 10px; text-align: right;">
بدنبال پخش این خبر که شکلیل افریدی، یک داکتر پاکستانی برای یافتن بن لادن، رهبر اسبق شبکه القاعده، در پاکستان به سی آی ای، سازمان استخبارات امریکا، از طریق راه اندازی کمپاین واکسیناسیون همکاری نمود، برنامه واکسیناسیون در مناطق سرحدی پاکستان به افغانستان به مشکلاتی مواجه شده است.</div>
<div style="color: #333333; direction: rtl; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 27px; padding: 0px 0px 15px 10px; text-align: right;">
داکتررفیق مسئول پولیوازصندوق اطفال ملل متحد در مناطق قبایل پاکستان به صدای امریکا گفت که حکومت پاکستان از توقف برنامه واکسیناسیون نگرانی دارد و می گوید که درتمام مناطق قبایلی یک تعداد زیاد اطفال در معرض خطر قراردارد.</div>
<div style="color: #333333; direction: rtl; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 27px; padding: 0px 0px 15px 10px; text-align: right;">
رفیق گفت که معلوماتی را که حکومت به دسترس ما قرارداده، تعداد مجموعی این اطفال به ٣٥٠ هزار میرسد و درین تعداد مناطقی هم شامل است که دسترسی به ان مشکل است.</div>
<div style="color: #333333; direction: rtl; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 27px; padding: 0px 0px 15px 10px; text-align: right;">
داکتر رفیق می گوید که واضح است درجاهایی که مهاجرین افغان موجود اند و واکسیوناسیون با مشکلات مواجه میباشد، آنها نیز متضرمی شوند.</div>
<div style="color: #333333; direction: rtl; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 27px; padding: 0px 0px 15px 10px; text-align: right;">
داکتر نجیب الله صافی، از انجمن صحت عامه افغانستان، میگوید مهاجرین افغان چون به تمام مناطق افغانستان رفت امد دارند ازین سبب تصمیم به تعویق انداختن واکسیناسیون پولیودر هردو کشورتاثیر ناگوار دارد.</div>
<div style="color: #333333; direction: rtl; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 27px; padding: 0px 0px 15px 10px; text-align: right;">
داکتر نجیب الله صافی می افزاید نباید صحت در مجموع و خاصتا برنامه واکسیناسیون به طور خاص شکار رقابتهای سیاسی گردد. هرگاه چنین کاری صورت گیرد ازیک طرف اطفال از صحت محروم می شوند و از جانب دیگر حیات کارمندان صحی خاصتا واکسیناتورها با خطر مواجه می باشد.</div>
<div style="color: #333333; direction: rtl; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 27px; padding: 0px 0px 15px 10px; text-align: right;">
مقامات پاکستانی میگویند که در سرحدات با افغانستان در ٢٢ نقطه مراکز واکسیناسیون وجود دارد، اما بازهم تعداد زیاد اطفال درمنطقه از واکسیون بی بهره خواهند شد.</div>
<div style="color: #333333; direction: rtl; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 27px; padding: 0px 0px 15px 10px; text-align: right;">
پولیو هنوز هم درافغانستان، پاکستان و نایجریا به مشاهده رسیده است و یک تعداد اطفال را فلج ساخته است. گفته می شود این مرض اطفال زیر سن پنج سال را می تواند حتی در ظرف چند ساعت فلج سازد و حتی در برخی موارد می تواند به مرگ اطفال بینجامد.</div>
</div>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08571418027745981111noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8286568105986577380.post-34844640339150201452012-07-15T23:04:00.002-04:302012-07-15T23:04:26.034-04:30<span style="color: #666666; font-size: 16px;"><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">“Neither peace, development nor human rights can flourish in an atmosphere of corruption.”</span></span><br />
<span style="color: #666666; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: italic;"><br /></span>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08571418027745981111noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8286568105986577380.post-77652572562031570222012-07-10T02:46:00.001-04:302012-07-10T02:46:23.859-04:30<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">12. National Malaria Indicators Survey, 2008<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Dr. Randa Youssef, Dr. Najibullah Safi, Dr. Hamida Hemeed,
Dr. Walid Sediqi, Dr. Jamal Abdul </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Naser, Dr. Waqar Butt</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Conclusion and Recommendation:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">The survey was accomplished successfully in 10 provinces
with different levels of malaria endemicity during the peak transmission season
of P. falciparum. The sample selected provided a representation of all
population 47 subgroups that adequately mirrored the population of the 10
provinces.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Bed net coverage is low (26.7%) with a much lower coverage
with ITNs (10.7%) and LLINs (9.9%). Coverage with bed nets is low in rural areas
(23.2%) and high risk provinces including Hirat (6.2%) and Faryab (7.1%) and Nimroz
(0.0%) where population are at a much higher risk of malaria.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">The least wealthy has lower access to bed net. Majority of
bed net (89.0%) available at community level were purchased and the cost of bed
net was the barrier that prevented 74.5% of the head of households to acquire
it. Less than a quarter (22.1%) of the surveyed population reported the habit
of sleeping under bed nets. This proportion is especially low in rural areas
(17.5%) than urban ones (31.3%). The night of the survey less than 5% of the
surveyed population in urban (4.7%) and rural areas (4.0%) slept under bed net.
Only 16.6% of the bed nets available to the population were used the night of
the survey.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">The prevalence of self reported fever the day of the survey
was very low in both rural areas (8.0%; 95%CI= 7.35, 8.59) and urban areas urban
areas (3.8%; 95%CI= 3.18, 4.42). Also the point prevalence of fever at the time
of the survey was low (2.8%; 95%CI= 2.57, 3.27) among rural (3.8%) and urban
(2.0%) population. Two week period prevalence of fever was low
in urban (2.5%) and rural (3.9%) areas. These fevers were mostly due to
respiratory and gastrointestinal infections as reflected by the described
associated symptoms and the fact that most of them received antipyretics (56.8%)
and/or antibiotics (34.1%) that resulted in a cure or improvement of the condition
in 86.4% of the instances. Only 40 out of the 169 who visited a health care
facility for the treatment of fever reported in the two weeks prior to the
survey had their blood tested for malaria and 22 out of them reported a
positive test. Only 18 patients reported receiving antimalarial drugs in
Badagshan (n=11), Nangarhar (n=5), Bamyan (n=1) and Kunar (n=1); 16 of them were
rural dwellers and 15 reported receiving chloroquine. Just more than half of
those who reported fever in the two weeks prior to the survey (59.8%) took
action to treat the fever and nearly half of them (53.3%) visited a health care
facility. Governmental health facility was visited by nearly half (51.5%) of
those who sought a health care facility for the treatment of fever. Patients
had to travel for an average duration of 41.07 minutes and to wait for an
average duration of 41.64 minutes to be seen. Only 33.7% incurred the cost of
consultation which was on average 69.21 AFG. For those who did not take any action
to treat the fever as well as those who did not visit a health care facility,
the most frequently stated barriers were the unavailability of facility in the
area of residence (24.5%), the long travel distance to 48 the facility (22.7%)
as well as the unaffordable cost of consultation (46.0%).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">General public should be encourage to use the available
health care facilities in the event if sickness. All stated barriers for
visiting health care facility should be considered by the MoPH in the
respective provinces to ensure appropriate diagnosis and adequate treatment
including the long travel and waiting time at the facility as well as the cost of
consultation.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">At the time of the survey, only 45 subjects were positive
for the parasite yielding a point prevalence of 0.4%. In view of the low point prevalence
and the predominance of P. vivax, information that will soon be available from analysis
of the blood drops collected on filter paper will provide a better insight into
situation of malaria in the surveyed provinces by describing historical
infection among the population. Research is needed into disease vector to
identify potential risks of transmission.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Less than half (43.1%) of the surveyed population reported
receiving health education messages addressing areas related to malaria
transmission and disease prevention. Intensification of information, education
and communication efforts is highly recommended to improve people knowledge and
enable then to adopt a behavior that obviate risks of malaria infection. Very
low proportions of the population living in high risk provinces were aware of
the actual risks of malaria transmission and infection. This lack of essential
knowledge has an adverse effect on people behavior regarding taking appropriate
protective measures and seeking medical care once malaria is suspected. Health education
messages should emphasize on risk of malaria in different geographical
localities. Messages should address clearly how the disease is acquired and
what are its manifestations to enable people to protect themselves and seek
medical care once symptoms are suspected.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Nearly a quarter (23.8%) of the surveyed population did not
know the best preventive measure for malaria and less than half (46.0%)
perceived bed net as the best measure to prevent malaria. Health education
messages should address measures of prevention against malaria with special
emphasis on effectiveness of insecticide treated bed nets. Health education
messages should as well take into consideration the misconception of the population
related to the health hazards of using insecticide impregnated. Health care facilities
should consider health education activities of relevance to malaria as part of the
routine services provided to the population. Health education messages using mass
media will ensure the wide spread of accurate and up to date information. Radio
and television are the most suitable mass media in view of the high rates of
illiteracy among the population.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">The information, reports and lessons learned from this
survey should be made available to all partners. A national seminar including
all partners and the health staff involved in the survey will create a sense of
ownership and facilitate usage of information and implementation of the survey recommendations.
The data base of the survey should be linked to the available geographical
information systems for further spatial analysis of the information. Using the experiences
and lessons learned from this survey, a population based survey should be planned
for other malarious areas which were not part of the survey at this stage. Survey
results and experiences should be shared with the international community. MoPH
of Afghanistan is encouraged to prepare a scientific paper for publication in international
journals.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<i><u><span lang="EN-GB">Afghanistan Annual Malaria Journal (2009) P 37-49</span></u></i><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<i><u><span lang="EN-GB"><br /></span></u></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span lang="EN-GB">Full Report Available at: </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<i><u><span lang="EN-GB"><br /></span></u></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<a href="http://moph.gov.af/Content/Media/Documents/Afghanistan-Malaria-Indicator-Survey2812201014573359.pdf">http://moph.gov.af/Content/Media/Documents/Afghanistan-Malaria-Indicator-Survey2812201014573359.pdf</a>
</div>
<br />Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08571418027745981111noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8286568105986577380.post-47717199485813750502012-07-10T02:25:00.001-04:302012-07-10T02:25:38.410-04:30<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">11. <b style="background-color: white;">Progress and Challenges to Malaria Control in Afghanistan</b></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Najibullah Safi, Toby Leslie, Mark Rowland</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Abstract:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Malaria in Afghanistan, as in most of South Asia, is the
product of two coexistent species, Plasmodium falciparum and P. vivax.
Transmission of disease is relatively low, and the predominant species is P.
vivax, causing 80‐90% of cases. In the most endemic areas, incidence is
estimated at 10‐100 per 1000 person years for vivax malaria and 1‐10 per 1000
person years for falciparum malaria.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Treatment for the two species differs because vivax remains
susceptible to chloroquine, while falciparum malaria has developed
unsupportable levels of resistance. Falciparum malaria, if confirmed is treated
with the more expensive sulfadoxine‐pyrimethamine with artesunate (SP/AS).
Malaria incidence is sufficiently low that the majority of cases suspected to
have malaria by clinical evaluation are negative on blood examination (slide
positivity rate is 15‐30% in most areas). In the absence of diagnosis, the
present policy is to treat all suspected cases with SP and chloroquine. In many
areas, diagnosis is unavailable or unreliable and therefore many patients are
inappropriately treated. Delivery of diagnostics is therefore crucial. Delivery
of personal protection is by insecticide treated nets, and there has been a
rapid rise in coverage. Perhaps the biggest barrier to effective malaria
treatment in this region, where vivax malaria predominates, is the absence of
effective anti‐relapse therapy that can provide radical cure. Primaquine use is
unavailable because of the presence of G6PD deficiency in the population.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">There are numerous challenges to providing sufficient
pressure on malaria to maintain control in South Asia, amongst the most
important of which is the continued socio‐political instability in the region.
If the goal of eradication or elimination of malaria is to be achieved, this
prerequisite is required.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<i><u><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Afghanistan Annual
Malaria Journal (2009) P 15-29</span></u></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08571418027745981111noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8286568105986577380.post-86668335616217696702012-06-28T01:21:00.002-04:302012-06-28T01:21:50.409-04:30<span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 17px; text-align: left;">The AMICS 2010/11 has been released. The MICS provides up-to-date information on the situation of children and women, and measures key indicators to monitor progress towards the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs).</span><br style="color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 17px; text-align: left;" /><br style="color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 17px; text-align: left;" /><span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 17px; text-align: left;">To download the report, please visit: </span><a href="http://cso.gov.af/en/page/6807" rel="nofollow nofollow" style="color: #3b5998; cursor: pointer; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 17px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">http://cso.gov.af/en/page/6807</a>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08571418027745981111noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8286568105986577380.post-69350909318665269252012-06-24T06:12:00.000-04:302012-06-24T06:12:17.426-04:30<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">10. Detection of mixed </span><i><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman-Italic;">Plasmodium
falciparum </span></i><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">&
</span><i><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRoman-Italic;">P.
vivax </span></i></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;"><b>infections
by nested-PCR in Pakistan, Iran & Afghanistan</b><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;"><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Sedigheh Zakeri, Qutbuddin Kakar,
Faezeh Ghasemi, Ahmad Raeisi, Waqar Butt, <b>Najibullah Safi</b>, Mandana Afsharpad, Muhammad
Suleiman Memon, Saber Gholizadeh, Masoud Salehi, Hoda Atta, Ghasem Zamani &
Navid Dinparast Djadid<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;"><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;"><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><b>Abstract:</b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><b><i><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPS-BoldItalicMT;">Background
& objectives</span></i></b><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPS-BoldMT;">:</span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPS-BoldMT;"> Species identification and information on transmission
pattern of malaria parasite in any malaria endemic area is key to success for a
malaria control programme. In this investigation, malaria diagnosis using
molecular method was used to assess the transmission pattern of malaria
parasite in three malaria endemic regions: Afghanistan, Iran and Pakistan.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><b><i><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPS-BoldItalicMT;">Methods</span></i></b><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPS-BoldMT;">:</span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPS-BoldMT;"> Blood
samples were collected from the patients presenting with vivax malaria from
Afghanistan (n = 108), Iran (n = 200) and Pakistan (n = 199). Malaria parasite
detection was made by the gold standard (microscopy) and also nested-PCR assay,
using 18S small sub-unit ribosomal RNA (ssrRNA) gene.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><b><i><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPS-BoldItalicMT;">Results</span></i></b><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPS-BoldMT;">:</span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPS-BoldMT;"> Based on
microscopy method, the level of mixed infection was zero to 2.5 per cent;
however, nested-PCR assay detected 6.5, 22 and 23.5 per cent mixed infections
in samples collected from Afghanistan, Iran and Pakistan, respectively. The
present results showed that the co-infection of </span><i><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPS-BoldItalicMT;">P.
vivax </span></i><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPS-BoldMT;">with
</span><i><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPS-BoldItalicMT;">P.
falciparum </span></i><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPS-BoldMT;">was
frequent in malaria endemic regions of Iran and Pakistan.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><b><i><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPS-BoldItalicMT;">Interpretation
& conclusion</span></i></b><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPS-BoldMT;">:</span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPS-BoldMT;"> The present data suggest the need for improving
microscopy diagnosis method and the clinician should also have careful clinical
observation, along with the reports on Giemsa-stained thick blood films,
particularly in summer time when </span><i><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPS-BoldItalicMT;">P. vivax </span></i><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPS-BoldMT;">is
predominant. Also sharing information on transmission pattern of mixed
infection among these countries may help in designing better control strategies
for malaria.</span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08571418027745981111noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8286568105986577380.post-40476757322603123502012-06-24T06:07:00.002-04:302012-06-24T06:07:25.501-04:30<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">9. </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Genetic structure of </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Plasmodium
vivax </span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><b>isolates from two malaria endemic areas in Afghanistan</b><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Sedigheh
Zakeri, Najibullah Safi, Mandana Afsharpad, Waqar Butt, Faezeh Ghasemi, Akram
Abouie Mehrizi</span><span style="color: #000066; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: GulliverRM;">a</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">, Hoda Atta</span><span style="color: #000066; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: GulliverRM;">d</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">, Ghasem Zamani</span><span style="color: #000066; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: GulliverRM;">d</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">, Navid Dinparast Djadid</span><span style="color: #000066; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: GulliverRM;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: GulliverSCOsF;"><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Abstract</span></span></b><br />
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: GulliverRM;">In this
study, the nature and extent of genetic diversity of </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: GulliverIT;">Plasmodium vivax </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: GulliverRM;">populations
circulating in Afghanistan have been investigated by analyzing three genetic
markers: </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: GulliverIT;">csp</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: GulliverRM;">, </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: GulliverIT;">msp-1</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: GulliverRM;">, and </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: GulliverIT;">msp-3</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: OnemtmiguAAAA;">˛</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: GulliverRM;">. Blood samples (</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: GulliverIT;">n </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: GulliverRM;">= 202) were collected
from patients presenting with vivax malaria from south-western (Herat) and
south-eastern (Nangarhar) parts of Afghanistan, and analysed using
nested-PCR/RFLP and sequencing methods. Genotyping </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: GulliverIT;">pvmsp-1 </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: GulliverRM;">revealed type 1, type
2 and recombinant type 3 allelic variants, with type 1 predominant in parasites
in both study areas. The sequence analysis of 57 </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: GulliverIT;">P. vivax </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: GulliverRM;">isolates identified a total of 26
distinct alleles. Genotyping </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: GulliverIT;">pvcsp </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: GulliverRM;">gene showed that VK210 type (86.6%) is predominant in Afghanistan.
Moreover, three major types of the </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: GulliverIT;">pvmsp-3</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: OnemtmiguAAAA;">˛ </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: GulliverRM;">locus: type A, type B and type C were distinguished
among Afghani isolates. The predominant fragments among Nangarhar and Herat
parasites were type A (70.8% and 67.9%, respectively). PCR/RFLP products with
Hha I and Alu I were detected 52 and 38 distinct variants among Nangarhar and
Herat isolates, respectively. These results strongly indicate that the </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: GulliverIT;">P. vivax </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: GulliverRM;">populations in
Afghanistan are highly diverse.</span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: GulliverSCOsF;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08571418027745981111noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8286568105986577380.post-88174251799331447882012-06-24T06:01:00.000-04:302012-06-24T06:01:23.072-04:30<br />
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<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">8. TOWARD
MALARIA RISK PREDICTION IN AFGHANISTAN USING REMOTE SENSING<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><b>N. Safi</b>, F. Adimi, R. P.
Soebiyanto, R. K. Kiang <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Commission
VIII, WG 2<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">KEY WORDS: </span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Malaria, risk
prediction, Afghanistan, remote sensing<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">ABSTRACT: <o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Malaria causes more than one
million deaths every year worldwide, with most of the mortality in Sub-Saharan
Africa. It is also a significant public health concern in Afghanistan, with
approximately 60% of the population, or nearly 14 million people, living in a malaria-endemic
area. Malaria transmission has been shown to be dependent on a number of
environmental and meteorological variables. For countries in the tropics and
the subtropics, rainfall is normally the most important variable, except for
regions with high altitude where temperature may also be important. Afghanistan’s
diverse landscape contributes to the heterogeneous malaria distribution.
Understanding the environmental effects on malaria transmission is essential to
the effective control of malaria in Afghanistan. Provincial malaria data
gathered by Health Posts in 23 provinces during 2004-2007 are used in this
study. Remotely sensed geophysical parameters, including precipitation from
TRMM, and surface temperature and vegetation index from MODIS are used to
derive the empirical relationship between malaria cases and these geophysical
parameters. Both neural network methods and regression analyses are used to
examine the environmental dependency of malaria transmission. And the trained
models are used for predicting future transmission. While neural network
methods are intrinsically more adaptive for nonlinear relationship, the regression
approach lends itself in providing statistical significance measures. Our
results indicate that NDVI is the strongest predictor. This reflects the role
of irrigation, instead of precipitation, in Afghanistan for agricultural
production. The second<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">strongest prediction is surface
temperature. Precipitation is not shown as a significant predictor, contrary to
other malarious countries in the tropics or subtropics. With the regression
approach, the malaria time series are modelled well, with average R2 of 0.845.
For cumulative 6-month prediction of malaria cases, the average provincial
accuracy reaches 91%. The developed predictive and early warning capabilities
support the Third Strategic Approach of the WHO EMRO Malaria Control and
Elimination Plan.</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08571418027745981111noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8286568105986577380.post-63325006297261238362012-06-24T05:56:00.002-04:302012-06-24T05:56:31.952-04:30<br />
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: AdvOT46dcae81;">7. Molecular
surveillance of </span></b><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "AdvOT65f8a23b\.I";">Plasmodium vivax dhfr </span></b><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: AdvOT46dcae81;">and </span></b><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "AdvOT65f8a23b\.I";">dhps </span></b><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: AdvOT46dcae81;">mutations in
isolates from Afghanistan<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: AdvOT07517017;"><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Sedigheh Zakeri, Mandana Afsharpad,
Faezeh Ghasemi, Ahmad Raeisi, <b>Najibullah Safi</b>, Waqar Butt, Hoda Atta, Navid D
Djadid<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "AdvOT3b30f6db\.B";"><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Abstract<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: AdvOTce3d9a73;">Background:</span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: AdvOTce3d9a73;"> </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: AdvOT07517017;">Analysis of
dihydrofolate reductase (</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "AdvOT0d9ab1db\.I";">dhfr</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: AdvOT07517017;">) and dihydropteroate synthase (</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "AdvOT0d9ab1db\.I";">dhps</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: AdvOT07517017;">) mutations in </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "AdvOT0d9ab1db\.I";">Plasmodium
vivax </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: AdvOT07517017;">wild
isolates has been considered to be a valuable molecular approach for mapping
resistance to sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine (SP). The present study investigates
the frequency of SNPs-haplotypes in the </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "AdvOT0d9ab1db\.I";">dhfr </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: AdvOT07517017;">and </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "AdvOT0d9ab1db\.I";">dhps </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: AdvOT07517017;">genes in </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "AdvOT0d9ab1db\.I";">P. vivax </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: AdvOT07517017;">clinical isolates
circulating in two malaria endemic areas in Afghanistan.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: AdvOTce3d9a73;">Methods:</span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: AdvOTce3d9a73;"> </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "AdvOT0d9ab1db\.I";">P. vivax </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: AdvOT07517017;">clinical isolates
(n = 171) were collected in two different malaria endemic regions in north-west
(Herat) and east (Nangarhar) Afghanistan in 2008. All collected isolates were
analysed for SNP-haplotypes at positions 13, 33, 57, 58, 61, 117 and 173 of the
</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "AdvOT0d9ab1db\.I";">pvdhfr
</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: AdvOT07517017;">and
383 and 553 of the </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "AdvOT0d9ab1db\.I";">pvdhps </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: AdvOT07517017;">genes using PCR-RFLP methods.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: AdvOTce3d9a73;">Results:</span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: AdvOTce3d9a73;"> </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: AdvOT07517017;">All 171 examined
isolates were found to carry wild-type amino acids at positions 13, 33, 57, 61
and 173, while 58R and 117N mutations were detected among 4.1% and 12.3% of
Afghan isolates, respectively. Based on the size polymorphism of </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "AdvOT0d9ab1db\.I";">pvdhfr </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: AdvOT07517017;">genes at repeat
region, type B was the most prevalent variant among Herat (86%) and Nangarhar
(88.4%) isolates. Mixed genotype infections (type A/B and A/B/C) were detected
in only 2.3% (2/86) of Herat and 1.2% (1/86) of Nangarhar isolates,
respectively. The combination of </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "AdvOT0d9ab1db\.I";">pvdhfr </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: AdvOT07517017;">and </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "AdvOT0d9ab1db\.I";">pvdhps </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: AdvOT07517017;">haplotypes among
all 171 samples demonstrated six distinct haplotypes. The two most prevalent
haplotypes among all examined samples were wild-type (86%) and single mutant
haplotype I13P33F57S58T61</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: AdvOTce3d9a73;">N </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: AdvOT07517017;">117I173/A383A553 (6.4%). Double (I13P33S57</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: AdvOTce3d9a73;">R</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: AdvOT07517017;">58T61</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: AdvOTce3d9a73;">N</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: AdvOT07517017;">117I173/A383A553)
and triple mutant haplotypes (I13P33S57</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: AdvOTce3d9a73;">R </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: AdvOT07517017;">58T61</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: AdvOTce3d9a73;">N</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: AdvOT07517017;">117I173/</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: AdvOTce3d9a73;">G</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: AdvOT07517017;">383A553) were found in 1.7% and 1.2% of
Afghan isolates, respectively. This triple mutant haplotype was only detected
in isolates from Herat, but in none of the Nangarhar isolates.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: AdvOTce3d9a73;">Conclusion:</span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: AdvOTce3d9a73;"> </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: AdvOT07517017;">The present study
shows a limited polymorphism in </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "AdvOT0d9ab1db\.I";">pvdhfr </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: AdvOT07517017;">from Afghan isolates and provides important
basic information to establish an epidemiological map of drug-resistant vivax
malaria, and updating guidelines for anti-malarial policy in Afghanistan. The
continuous usage of SP as first-line anti-malarial drug in Afghanistan might
increase the risk of mutations in the </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "AdvOT0d9ab1db\.I";">dhfr </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: AdvOT07517017;">and </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "AdvOT0d9ab1db\.I";">dhps </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: AdvOT07517017;">genes in both </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "AdvOT0d9ab1db\.I";">P. vivax </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: AdvOT07517017;">and </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "AdvOT0d9ab1db\.I";">Plasmodium falciparum
</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: AdvOT07517017;">isolates,
which may lead to a complete SP resistance in the near future in this region.
Therefore, continuous surveillance of </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "AdvOT0d9ab1db\.I";">P. vivax </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: AdvOT07517017;">and </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "AdvOT0d9ab1db\.I";">P. falciparum </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: AdvOT07517017;">molecular markers
are needed to monitor the development of resistance to SP in the region.</span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "AdvOT3b30f6db\.B";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08571418027745981111noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8286568105986577380.post-66017142848099431262012-06-24T05:50:00.001-04:302012-06-24T05:52:03.168-04:30<br />
<h4>
<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><b>6. Field trial of
three different </b><b>Plasmodium vivax </b></span><b><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">detecting rapid diagnostic tests with and
without evaporative cool box storage in Afghanistan</span><span style="font-size: medium;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></h4>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Amy FW Mikhail, Toby J Leslie,
Mohammad I Mayan, Rohullah Zekria, Nader Mohammad,<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Mohammad A Hasanzai, <b>Najibullah Safi</b>,
Christopher JM Whitty and Mark Rowland<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Abstract<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Background:</span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Accurate
parasitological diagnosis of malaria is essential for targeting treatment where
more than one species coexist. In this study, three rapid diagnostic tests
(RDTs) (AccessBio CareStart (CSPfPan), CareStart PfPv (CSPfPv) and Standard
Diagnostics Bioline (SDBPfPv)) were evaluated for their ability to detect
natural </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Plasmodium
vivax </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">infections
in a basic clinic setting. The potential for locally made evaporative cooling
boxes (ECB) to protect the tests from heat damage in high summer temperatures
was also investigated.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Methods:</span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Venous blood was
drawn from </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">P.
vivax </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">positive
patients in Jalalabad, Afghanistan and tested against a panel of six RDTs. The
panel comprised two of each test type; one group was stored at room temperature
and the other in an ECB. RDT results were evaluated against a consensus gold
standard based on two double-read reference slides and PCR. The sensitivity,
specificity and a measure of global performance for each test were determined
and stratified by parasitaemia level and storage condition.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Results:</span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">In total, 306
patients were recruited, of which 284 were positive for </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">P. vivax</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">, one for </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Plasmodium
malariae </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">and
none for </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Plasmodium
falciparum</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">;
21 were negative. All three RDTs were specific for malaria. The sensitivity and
global performance index for each test were as follows: CSPfPan [98.6%, 95.1%],
CSPfPv [91.9%, 90.5%] and SDBPfPv [96.5%, 82.9%], respectively. CSPfPv was 16%
less sensitive to a parasitaemia below 5,000/</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">μ</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">L. Room temperature storage of
SDBPfPv led to a high proportion of invalid results (17%), which reduced to 10%
in the ECB. Throughout the testing period, the ECB maintained ~8°C reduction
over ambient temperatures and never exceeded 30°C.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Conclusions:</span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Of the three RDTs,
the CSPfPan test was the most consistent and reliable, rendering it appropriate
for this </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">P.
vivax </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">predominant
region. The CSPfPv test proved unsuitable owing to its reduced sensitivity at a
parasitaemia below 5,000/</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">μ</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">L (affecting 43% of study samples). Although the SDBPfPv device
was more sensitive than the CSPfPv test, its invalid rate was unacceptably
high. ECB storage reduced the proportion of invalid results for the SDBPfPv
test, but surprisingly had no impact on RDT sensitivity at low parasitaemia.</span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08571418027745981111noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8286568105986577380.post-24362630339300108402012-06-19T22:59:00.001-04:302012-06-19T22:59:28.632-04:30<br />
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><b>5. Therapeutic efficacy of Anti-malarial drugs in the treatment
of uncomplicated malaria in Afghanistan, 2004-2007</b><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><b>Najibullah Safi</b>, Awab Ghulam Rahim, Kamal Mustafa, Waqar
Butt, Abdul Wasi Jawad, Tajwar Naseri, Rahmatullah<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><b>Abstract:</b><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><b><br /></b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Routine anti-malarial drud resistant testing was conducted in
three Malaria Reference Centers in Afghanistan using a standard WHO in vivo
study design. Patients with confirmed uncomplicated P. falciparum were treated
with sulfadoxin-pyrimethamin (SP) + Artesunate and followed for 28 day.
Patients with P. vivax infection were treated with chloroquine (CQ) at standard
dosage and followed for 28 days. All drugs tested showed greater than 95%
efficacy, with SP+AS showing 100% acceptable clinical and parasitological
response against P. falciparum and CQ showed 100% acceptable clinical and
parasitological response against P. vivax. </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
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</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-GB">Afghanistan Annual Malaria Journal (2009) P 50-53</span></span><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08571418027745981111noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8286568105986577380.post-3715232942510791482012-06-19T22:45:00.002-04:302012-06-19T22:55:59.798-04:30<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><b>4. <span style="font-size: small;">Toward <span style="background-color: white;">malaria risk prediction in Afghanistan using remote sensing</span></span></b></span><br />
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Farida Adimi, Radina P
Soebiyanto, <b>Najibullah Safi</b> and Richard Kiang</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Abstract<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><b>Background:</b> </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Malaria is a
significant public health concern in Afghanistan. Currently, approximately 60%
of the population, or nearly 14 million people, live in a malaria-endemic area.
Afghanistan's diverse landscape and terrain contributes to the heterogeneous
malaria prevalence across the country. Understanding the role of environmental variables
on malaria transmission can further the effort for malaria control programme. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><b>Methods:</b> </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Provincial
malaria epidemiological data (2004-2007) collected by the health posts in 23
provinces were used in conjunction with space-borne observations from NASA
satellites. Specifically, the environmental variables, including precipitation,
temperature and vegetation index measured by the Tropical Rainfall Measuring
Mission and the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectoradiometer, were used.
Regression techniques were employed to model malaria cases as a function of
environmental predictors. The resulting model was used for predicting malaria
risks in Afghanistan. The entire time series except the last 6 months is used
for training, and the last 6-month data is used for prediction and validation.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><b>Results:</b> </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Vegetation index,
in general, is the strongest predictor, reflecting the fact that irrigation is
the main factor that promotes malaria transmission in Afghanistan. Surface
temperature is the second strongest predictor. Precipitation is not shown as a
significant predictor, as it may not directly lead to higher larval population.
Autoregressiveness of the malaria epidemiological data is apparent from the
analysis. The malaria time series are modelled well, with provincial average R2
of 0.845. Although the R2 for prediction has larger variation, the total
6-month cases prediction is only 8.9% higher than the actual cases.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><b>Conclusions:</b> </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">The provincial
monthly malaria cases can be modelled and predicted using satellite-measured environmental
parameters with reasonable accuracy. The Third Strategic Approach of the WHO
EMRO Malaria Control and Elimination Plan is aimed to develop a cost-effective
surveillance system that includes forecasting, early warning and detection. The
predictive and early warning capabilities shown in this paper support this
strategy.</span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><br /></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Malaria Journal 2010, 9:125</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08571418027745981111noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8286568105986577380.post-36048003737977009112012-06-12T06:58:00.001-04:302012-06-12T06:58:03.161-04:30http://www.slideshare.net/mobile/NajibullahSafi/issues-in-costing-cross-cutting-hss-interventions-in#Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08571418027745981111noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8286568105986577380.post-34575724530058310192012-06-07T02:53:00.000-04:302012-06-19T22:55:14.014-04:30<br />
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<b><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">3. Contracting
of primary health care services in Pakistan: Is up-scaling a pragmatic
thinking?<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Babar Tasneem Shaikh, Fauziah
Rabbani, <b>Najibullah Safi</b>, Zia Dawar<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Abstract<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Quite often, public health care
systems in developing countries are struggling because of incompetence and a
lack of provider responsiveness to the needs of consumers. On the contrary, the
private sector dominates the system of health provision. In recent years,
contracting has been experimented as an approach to ensure delivery of comprehensive
public health services in an efficient, effective, superior and fair manner and
has generally thrived well. The state's healthcare system in Pakistan has
suffered a lot, owing to structural fragmentation, resource scarcity, inefficiency
and lack of functional specificity, gender insensitivity and inaccessibility.
However, partnering with the private sector has shown some exceptional accomplishments.
Though challenging but structural reforms, involving private health sector have
become indispensable. The overall experience shows that up-scaling of such
initiatives in the country would require lot of cautions to be taken by the
government.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">J Pak Med Assoc, Vol. 60, No. 5, May 2010</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08571418027745981111noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8286568105986577380.post-54990502927551637082012-06-06T06:18:00.005-04:302012-06-06T06:18:56.660-04:30<br /><br /><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><b>2. Evaluation of Thermotherapy for the Treatment of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Kabul, Afghanistan: A Randomized Controlled Trial</b> <br /><div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Najibullah Safi, MD; COL Gary D. Davis, MC USA (Ret.); Mohammed Nadir, MD; Hamida Hamid, MD; COL Leon L. Robert, Jr., MS USA∥; MAJ Alan J. Case, MS ARNG (Ret.) </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<b><div style="text-align: justify;">
<b>ABSTRACT:</b> </div>
</b></span><div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Anthroponotic cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is a common cause of ulcerative lesions and disfiguring scarring among children in Afghanistan. Most lesions occur on the face and are commonly caused by the trypanosome protozoan parasite Leishmania tropica, transmitted by the bite of an infected sandfly (Phlebotomus sergenti). This study compared the effectiveness of a single localized treatment with thermotherapy to 5 days of intralesional administration of Glucantime for the treatment of CL. Three hundred and eighty-two patients with CL were randomly assigned to the two treatment groups and followed for 6 months. The cure rate for the thermotherapy group was 82.5%, compared to 74% in the Glucantime group. The authors concluded that a single localized treatment with thermotherapy was more effective than 5 days of intralesional administration of Glucantime. Additionally, thermotherapy was more cost-effective, with fewer side effects, of shorter duration, and with better patient compliance than intralesional Glucantime. </span></div>
<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
MILITARY MEDICINE, 177, 3:345, 2012</div>
</span></div>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08571418027745981111noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8286568105986577380.post-109580570375447382012-06-06T05:38:00.003-04:302012-06-06T06:21:43.534-04:30<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">My Publications:</span></b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">1. Contracting-out Primary Health Care Services in Afghanistan</span></b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><b><span style="background-color: white; color: #102634; font-size: 12pt;">Effects of Contracting-out of Basic Package of Health
Services on Quality of Health Care and Patients' Satisfaction in Afghanistan</span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="background-color: white; color: #102634; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Abstract:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="background-color: white; color: #102634; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #102634; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Various reforms have been applied worldwide in health systems, since
1940s. The most recent reforms in developing countries started in 1990s. The
important ingredient of these reforms comprises of re-organization of health
systems, user charges for public services, public-private partnership and
contracting-out of health services. The MoPH of Afghanistan started to
contract-out health services in 2003. This study tends to assess the effects of
contracting-out of BPHS on quality of health care and patients’ satisfaction in
Afghanistan. This study indicates the contracting-out of health services as a
viable option for the MoPH to expand the health services and improve the
quality of care. NGOs required lesser amount of grants for the provision of
BPHS with better outcome. Decentralization nurtures, quality of care improved
and patients feel satisfied. The MoPH should draw lessons from the study for
wider implementation and improvement of quality of care.</span><span style="color: #102634; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><br clear="all" /></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #102634; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #102634; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">ISBN 978-3-639-22752-9</span></div>
<span style="background-color: white; color: #102634; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08571418027745981111noreply@blogger.com0